David is speaking about stock market and everyone else is listening.
O aprendizado de uma língua estrangeira consiste não apenas na assimilação de seus elementos gramaticais e lexicais, mas também em saber empregar o conhecimento adquirido sem a interferência negativa da língua mãe. Sendo esta interferência mais alarmante no oral, podemos também incluir a ocorrência no plano gramatical, levando os aprendizes de um idioma a produzirem frases desestruturadas e incompreensíveis. Na ânsia de se comunicarem e expressarem suas idéias, os alunos muitas vezes associam a estrutura usada no português à língua inglesa, criando assim uma grande confusão e uso inadequado de algumas palavras e expressões.
Assim, se faz necessário identificar e conhecer as diferenças entre a língua portuguesa e inglesa para que possamos prever os erros bem como evitá-los antes de se tornarem hábitos. Vale ressaltar, que muitos destes erros podem ser observados mesmo em alunos que já possuem um nível elevado de fluência, e resultam da falta de contato com a língua ou de um aprendizado defasado.
Os verbos Speak, Talk, Say e Tell, embora praticamente sinônimos no significado e gramaticalmente diferentes, geram inúmeras dúvidas para os alunos, e é preciso se atentar a algumas regras para evitar alguns deslizes na comunicação. Para entender melhor as diferenças, segue abaixo uma classificação por área de significado e alguns exemplos para reforçar a explicação:
SIGNIFICADO | PORTUGUÊS | INGLÊS | EXEMPLOS |
| ter habilidade lingüística | falar | speak | He speaks English and French. |
| transmitir informação | dizer, falar, contar, afirmar, relatar, avisar | say, tell, state, report | He said that he`s not going to run for president. He told the reporters he`s not going to run for president. He stated clearly that he`s not going to run for president. The government has reported a decline in the foreign debt. |
| conversar, bater papo | falar, conversar, dialogar | speak, talk, chat | I spoke with my friends yesterday about the old times. We talked all night about the old times. He likes to chat with his old friends. |
Aaron, Michael and Jessica are talking about today’s lessons.
Uses | Examples | |
| Say | used with direct and indirect speech Say is most often used without a personal object. If we want to put a personal object after say, we use to. | She said that it was my last chance. He said, ‘Good morning.’ She said that she would be late. (not She said me...) And I say to all the people of this great country... |
| Tell | used with direct and indirect speech after tell, we usually say who is told, i.e., tell someone something only used to mean ‘instruct’ or ‘inform’ Tell is used to tell someone to do something Tell is not used before objects like a word, a name, a sentence, a phrase. We do not usually use it after tell to refer to a fact. tell someone again (repeat) | She told me that she would be late. She told me that it was my last chance. (not He told them, ‘Good morning.’) Tom’s mother told him to clean his room. Alice said a naughty word... (not Alice told a naughty word...) ‘I’ll tell you tomorrow.’ (not I’ll tell you it tomorrow.) ‘I don’t want to tell you again to get your homework done.’ |
| Talk | There is not very much difference between speak and talk. Talk is the more usual word to refer to conversational exchanges and informal communication. | When she walked into the room everybody stopped talking. |
| Speak | Is often used for one-way communication and for exchanges in more serious or formal situations. Speak is the usual word to refer to knowledge and use of languages. | I’ll have to speak to that boy -- he’s getting very lazy. After she had finished reading the letter, nobody spoke. She speaks three languages fluently. |
Teacher Marion was telling the kids the story of Jesus.
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